The fish have been engineered so that their thyroids glow when a particular drug causes a particular reaction. In spite of rodents being the most widely used research model in the world, in recent decades the use of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) model has exponentially increased among the scientific community. 2015; https://super.abril.com.br/saude/os-riscos-reais-da-vacina/ Accessed 27 Feb 2020. Non-pigmenting mutants such as Casper zebrafish have also helped improve visibility of internal organs [92]. Kamalii A, Prabu E, Ruby P, Ahilan B. WHO. Zebrafish also presents the enzyme system involved in the process of genetic rearrangement that originates the B (BCR) and T (TCR) lymphocyte receptors. Examples of mutant animals displaying human-like diseases are numerous such as: sapje, which has the gene homologous to that of Duchenne muscular dystrophy; dracula, related to erythropoietic protoporphyria; van Gogh, model of the DiGeorge syndrome; and gridlock, which induces coarctation of the aorta [47]. Harjula SKE, Saralahti AK, Ojanen MJ, Rantapero T, Uusi-Mkel MI, Nykter M, et al. Mar 2017;479:31120. This is because such a small tropical freshwater teleost fish has crucial genetic, anatomical and physiological homology with mammals. In: Methods in cell biology, vol. Although humans may appear to be extremely different than zebrafish, we are actually much more similar to them than you might think. Vaccine. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2019.02.014. 2014;22(4):1928. Dev Comp Immunol. Grow extremely fast, up to 30 times the rate of human embryos. Microb Pathog. The zebrafish genome has been sequenced to an unusually high standard. Therefore, it is expected that the majority of the signaling pathways and molecules involved in the immune response of mammals would also exist and behave similarly in fish [89]. High content analysis of granuloma histology and neutrophilic inflammation in adult zebrafish infected with Mycobacterium marinum. statement and Zhang et al. J Appl Microbiol. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2012.02835.x. The incidence of the disease decreased following Shigellas infection which pointsto a biological feasibility of a vaccine [54]. 2019b; Just Accepted. Find a doctor at The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center or Johns Hopkins Community Physicians. Tenor JL, Oehlers SH, Yang JL, Tobin DM, Perfect JR. Live imaging of host-parasite interactions in a zebrafish infection model reveals cryptococcal determinants of virulence and central nervous system invasion. They can regrow pancreatic beta cells, she says, referring to the cells that store and release insulin. Their use is both innovative and logical as these tiny fish possess many advantages over other animal options. Due to the quality of the sequencing, scientists have, Zebrafish as Models in Treatment of Human Diseases. Int J Mol Med. Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3484855/. Fish Shellfish Immunol. While humans cannot regenerate these cells, zebrafish can. 2017;12(7):e0181942. While mice are evolutionarily more similar to humans because they are mammals, zebrafish have several advantages over their furry competitors. Ge R, Zhou Y, Peng R, Wang R, Li M, Zhang Y, et al. 2022 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Break of daylight triggers mating in zebrafish (many other fish only lay eggs in the dark). Fish Shellfish Immunol. Vibrio anguillarum, a bacterium that causes vibriosis, was also studied by Ye et al. Furthermore, it serves well to test new therapeutic agents, such as the safety of new vaccines. https://doi.org/10.1242/dmm.019992. ZeGlobalTox: an innovative approach to address organ drug toxicity using zebrafish. Status of vaccine research and development for Shigella. The Johns Hopkins University, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, and Johns Hopkins Health System. This article first appeared in Dome (May 2018). At first glance it would seem that humans and zebrafish dont have much in common at all. Image credit: Genome Research Limited. Zebrafish embryos are nearly transparent which allows researchers to easily examine the development of internal structures. Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dci.2012.07.007. 28, Emphasis was given on identifying publications using search words and terms containing human vaccination and animal vaccination. Identification of novel antigen candidates for a tuberculosis vaccine in the adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). PubMed Conservation of the STING-mediated cytosolic DNA sensing pathway in zebrafish. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.05.050. Risalde MA, Lpez V, Contreras M, Mateos-Hernndez L, Gortzar C, de la Fuente J. The fish is submerged in water with a sub lethal concentration of the bacteria for a specific time. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2019.03.071. Shahin K, Shinn AP, Metselaar M, Ramirez-Paredes JG, Monaghan SJ, Thompson KD, et al. Moreover, Zebrafish possess a highly developed immune system that is remarkably similar to the human one. So far, it has become one of the major model systems used in modern biomedical research [51]. Yet, so far, researchers have focused primarily on larval infection patterns [51]. Article Attenuated Listeria monocytogenes protecting zebrafish (Danio rerio) against vibrio species challenge. Although no animal can perfectly model a human disease, I believe these little striped swimmers have great potential for advancing medical research in the future. If one or more of the patients symptoms are observed in the zebrafish knock-out or knock-in model, the zebrafish can be used for further studies to help determine why the mutation in that gene causes the disease. Aleksejeva E, Houel A, Briolat V, Levraud JP, Langevin C, Boudinot P. Zebrafish Plzf transcription factors enhance early type I IFN response induced by two non-enveloped RNA viruses. Zebrafish Research | Behind the Scenes of the Johns Hopkins Zebrafish Facility. Another advantage is that adult zebrafish breed readily (approximately every 10 days) and can produce as many as 50 to 300 eggs at a time. 2017;71:16070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.06.042. 2008;5(4):32333. Furthermore, Streptococcus iniae was studied by Membrebe et al. That would mean a lot in the treatment of type 1 diabetes.
For example, if part of their heart is removed they can grow it back in a matter of weeks. While mice have been the predominant animal bridge between the bench and bedside in the past, recent studies have demonstrated the potential of zebrafish to serve as a tractable alternative to mice. 19% of the articles used were published in the last year, 65% in the last 5 years, and 89% published in the last 10years. Revista Superinteressante. This allows for a vaccines effect on all the major organs precursors to be closely studied [53] such as using immunohistology (Fig.2). JoVE (J Vis Exp). Ding CB, Zhao Y, Zhang JP, Peng ZG, Song DQ, Jiang JD. A review of the literature was carried out aiming at presenting the most recent information on vaccination of fish, which brings to light the advantages of this animal model in tests of efficacy and safety of both animal and human vaccines. Toh MC, Goodyear M, Daigneault M, Allen-Vercoe E, Van Raay TJ. Accessed 27 Feb 2020. The zebrafish is a tropical fish native to southeast Asia. Th17-like immune response in fish mucosal tissues after administration of live attenuated Vibrio anguillarum via different vaccination routes. 2013;9(9):e1003619. Nat Rev Genet. According to Torraca et al. In vitro fertilization can be performed if necessary. California Privacy Statement, Lactococcus garvieae outbreaks in Brazilian farms Lactococcosis in Pseudoplatystoma sp.development of an autogenous vaccine as a control strategy. MBio. The zebrafish reference genome sequence and its relationship to the human genome. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-437X(96)80068-2. 2020;103:103523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dci.2019.103523. Targets of somatic hypermutation within immunoglobulin light chain genes in zebrafish. 2015;47(2):66473. Studies have also been conducted with Zebrafish model to promote a vaccine against Salmonella, which produces gastroenteritis that causes massive morbidity and mortality in adults and children in developing countries. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2018.08.009. Fehr A, Eshwar AK, Neuhauss SC, Ruetten M, Lehner A, Vaughan L. Evaluation of zebrafish as a model to study the pathogenesis of the opportunistic pathogen Cronobacter turicensis. They proved that the development of immune cells was enhanced and the maternally-derived antibody could protect early embryos and larvae from the attack of specific pathogens via vaccination with a live attenuated vaccine. Thus, using the zebrafish model, it is possible to replace and reduce the use of mammals in research as well as mitigate problems related to the welfare of those animals. He hopes that by learning how the zebrafishs robust regenerative abilities are controlled, we can harness dormant regenerative capacities in patients with degenerative eye diseases. Moreover, teleost models offer an expanding platform for the understanding of mycobacterial infections and those mechanisms that offer the greatest potential to enhance host protection [37]. Zebrafish have played a key role in Prescotts pursuit of pharmaceutical breakthroughs to combat thyroid cancer. Ann Rev Pathol: Mech. Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by bacilli from the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0022921.
Arch Med Vet. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2017.10.001. Furthermore, the use of zebrafish model results in a reduction of time and use of resources when compared to those more established animals models. 2008;10(9):105762. Typhimurium and Salmonella entereditis induced protective efficacy against a high dose (108CFU/ml) of infection by these pathogens. Find more COVID-19 testing locations on Maryland.gov. CAS Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2013;102(2):10410. https://doi.org/10.1242/dmm.014746. Sci Rep. 2016;5(1):16. Adult zebrafish model of bacterial meningitis in Streptococcus agalactiae infection. Google Scholar. Notice of Privacy Practices(Patients & Health Plan Members). Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. 84 per cent of genes known to be associated with human disease have a zebrafish counterpart. Francisella noatunensis is a bacterium that causes granulomatous disease in freshwater and marine fish, and remains an unsolved problem for the aquaculture sector as no efficient vaccines are yet available. In addition it is easy to generate transgenic zebrafish with reporter genes to facilitate analysis in live fish [87]. As in humans, Zebrafish has recombination activator genes that control the rearrangement of gene segments V, D and J to produce the diversity of antibodies and lymphocyte receptors. Zebrafish have the unique ability to repair heart muscle. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2003.10.020. The use of the Zebrafish model for the production of vaccines with application for both animals and humans, despite already being a reality, is still underused. Prior to vaccines being tested on humans, livestock or pets, these should be assessed using animal models to avoid causing them harm, including death, especially in the case of immunosuppressed organisms, children and the elderly [26]. [58] testing the protective efficacy of Streptococcus iniae derived enolase against Streptococcal infection in zebrafish model. 2018;41(10):151528. Zebrafish as an animal model for food safety research: trends in the animal research. Furthermore, zebrafish embryos are clear, which allows scientists to watch the fertilized eggs grow into fully formed baby fish under a microscope. The difference, Mumm says, is that, while the new cells lead to a brand new retina in a zebrafish, humans are not so lucky. Membrebe JD, Yoon NK, Hong M, Lee J, Lee H, Park K, et al. CAS The zebrafish (Danio rerio) has become a popular model organism only relatively recently. Identification of novel immunogenic proteins against Streptococcus parauberis in a zebrafish model by reverse vaccinology. Infection of zebrafish embryos with intracellular bacterial pathogens. Efficacy of an inactivated whole-cell injection vaccine for nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L), against multiple isolates of Francisella noatunensis subsp. Streptococcus sp. They grow at an extremely fast rate, developing as much in a day as a human embryo develops in one month. Correspondence to Liu X, Wu H, Liu Q, Wang Q, Xiao J, Chang X, et al. She spends many hours in the FINZ center studying how zebrafish never get the disease. Its a cheap and efficient process to work with us to create genetically modified zebrafish for specific research needs.
Cheng T, Kam JY, Johansen MD, Oehlers SH. They share 70 per cent of genes with us. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41684-019-0397-4. Mumm says that, while science has focused on mice as models to study disease since the creation of the first genetically altered mouse in 1980, zebrafish have, in recent years, emerged as an important model species as well. If you have any other comments or suggestions, please let us know at comment@yourgenome.org, Can you spare 5-8 minutes to tell us what you think of this website? Patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy have been found to carry mutations in dystrophin and demonstrate childhood muscle weakness that gets progressively worse. Article Aquac Res. Benard EL, Van der Sar AM, Ellett F, Lieschke GJ, Spaink HP, Meijer AH.
Fish Shellfish Immunol. PubMed Central 2014;82(6):218094. The most common symptoms are seizures, severe allergic reactions, meningitis, encephalitis [26]. Shan Y, Zhang Y, Zhuo X, Li X, Peng J, Fang W. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 plays a role in protecting zebrafish from lethal infection with Listeria monocytogenes by enhancing macrophage migration. J Vet Sci Technol. Antivir Res. The efficiency of the humoral response increases due to the increased affinity of the antibodies. Masks are required inside all of our care facilities. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1302611. By using this website, you agree to our Characterization of immune response against Mycobacterium marinum infection in the main hematopoietic organ of adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). Zebrafish embryos are also laid and fertilized externally, which allows them to be easily manipulated in a variety of ways. In that study, enolase protein was evaluated to induce cross-protective immunity against S. iniae and S. parauberis which are major pathogens causing streptococcosis in fish. When devising immunization experiments, challenge trials for vaccine development evaluate the efficacy and safety of the vaccine against different pathogens. Patterson H, Saralahti A, Parikka M, Dramsi S, Trieu-Cuot P, Poyart C, et al. Wiles TJ, Norton JP, Smith SN, Lewis AJ, Mobley HL, Casjens SR, et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/08905436.2019.1673173. Burgos JS, Ripoll-Gomez J, Alfaro JM, Sastre I, Valdivieso F. Zebrafish as a new model for herpes simplex virus type 1 infection. For a fee, FINZ offers numerous genetic services to colleagues throughout the institution, including modifying the genome to produce fish with traits that researchers want to study. 2012;38(3):44755. Interestingly, the fact that the fishs adaptive immune system does not reach maturity up to 4 weeks after fertilization allows them to be used without the need for immunosuppression in the embryonic stages [32] in the case, for example, of tumor xenograft experiments. [86] posited that zebrafish could also be used as a model for Tuberculosis which is a devastating infectious disease worldwide and with no current prospect of efficient prevention. Mantilla Galindo A, Ocampo M, Patarroyo MA. Somewhere along the way in their evolutionary selection, zebrafish developed the capacity for self-repair, says Mumm. Dev Comp Immunol. Thus, it is expected its use would expand in the coming years. Real-time whole-body visualization of chikungunya virus infection and host interferon response in zebrafish. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.02.075. Zebrafish Help Unlock Clues to Human Disease, Masks are required inside all of our care facilities, COVID-19 testing locations on Maryland.gov. As in mammals, Zebrafish has a well-maintained adaptive immune system composed of T and B lymphocytes that develop from the thymus and kidneys respectively. In addition, observations can be made in real-time allowing for the monitoring of embryogenesis (Fig.1) as well as regarding the effects of vaccines in relation to cardiovascular, hepatic, nervous, and endocrine, not to mention, behavioral aspects too [18, 40]. Scand J Immunol. Zebrafish also have chromosomal regions which influence sex determination, another characteristic unique to the species. Wu XM, Cao L, Hu YW, Chang MX. Part of The zebrafish genome has been fully sequenced to a very high quality. Wang Y, Ren Z, Fu L, Su X. Immunology. The name zebrafish comes from the horizontal blue stripes on each side of their bodies. Because the zebrafish genome is conserved in humans, information obtained from zebrafish studies may lead to translational results in humans [38]. Therefore, using the Zebrafish model is expected to accelerate the understanding of the pathogenesis of tuberculosis which would lead to the development of better vaccines. Present status and future prospects of fish vaccination: a review. October. Control of mycobacteriosis in zebrafish (Danio rerio) mucosally vaccinated with heat-inactivated Mycobacterium bovis. Nguyen-Chi M, Phan QT, Gonzalez C, Dubremetz JF, Levraud JP, Lutfalla G. Transient infection of the zebrafish notochord with E. coli induces chronic inflammation. A zebrafish model for host-pathogen interactions in streptococcal infections; 2019. https://trepo.tuni.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/105436/978-952-03-0981-7.pdf?sequence=1 Accessed 27 Feb 2020. Research in tumor suppressor genes p53 and apc (adenomatous polyposis coli) is another area of great interest. The differential dynamics of antibody subpopulation expression during affinity maturation in a teleost. A model organism is a species that has been widely studied, usually because it is easy to maintain and breed in a laboratory setting and has particular experimental advantages. What is the first part of your school's postcode? Every blood vessel in a living zebrafish embryo can be seen using just a low-power microscope. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2017.06.046. They observed that the immune response was increased after vaccination. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42826-020-00042-4, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s42826-020-00042-4. Bojarczuk A, Miller KA, Hotham R, Lewis A, Ogryzko NV, Kamuyango AA, et al. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Google Scholar. Were trying to find a way for humans to be able to regenerate these cells. Susceptibility of zebrafish to vesicular stomatitis virus infection. Vaccine. As aquaculture expands and the need to control pathogens becomes more pressing, the commercial vaccination of different varieties of fish is already a reality in many countries. 2016;54:17987. Zhang H, Shen B, Wu H, Gao L, Liu Q, Wang Q, et al. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1003175.
Furthermore, toxicity tests can be also conducted using zebrafish such as embryotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, endocrine toxicity, genotoxicity, among others as proposed by Bailone et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2567.2010.03358.x. Vaccine. 2013;31(45):52029. 2017;40(2):26372. Often a patients DNA is sequenced in order to find a mutation in a gene that could potentially cause his or her disease symptoms. [11] observed that vaccination with outer membrane vesicles from F. noatunensis reduced the development of francisellosis in a zebrafish model. Nat Rev Drug Discov. Chen H, Zhang L, Li S, Ling K, Chen X, Lin C. CpG-ODN 2007 protects zebrafish against Vibrio vulnificus-induced infection. Or if the patients disease symptoms began during development in utero, knock-out or knock-in zebrafish embryos can be examined for gene expression changes (compared to embryos without the mutation) that could lead to abnormal development. 2011;132(2):24055. 2007;82(1):7080. Zebrafish as tools for drug discovery. This model is an important tool for the development of new safe vaccines against diseases which do not yet have preventive treatment, or for which the existing vaccines are not so effective.
Nat Rev Immunol. Humans and mice share many common genetic features and by examining the physiology, anatomy and metabolism of a mouse, scientists can gain a valuable insight into how humans function. Let me explain. 2007;8(5):353. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg2091. This lends itself to advances in understanding tissue and organ development in humans. 2017;139:5968. https://doi.org/10.1038/emi.2015.29. Tsang M. Zebrafish: a tool for chemical screens. Zebrafish as an alternative animal model in human and animal vaccination research. Yet, despite there not existing vaccine available as yet, the human and animal challengerechallenge trials with virulent Shigella as well as observational studies in Shigella-endemic areas are promising. [45], studying the identification of novel immunogenic proteins against S. parauberis by reverse vaccinology using zebrafish model, identified 41 vaccine candidates against S. parauberis.
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