united states acquisitions and annexations 1857 1904 united states acquisitions and annexations 1857 1904

Earl S. Pomeroy, Pacific Outpost: American Strategy in Guam and Micronesia (Stanford,CA, 1951). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations. of 1783 following military victory, Purchased from France Its not hard to see why book jacket designers are so fond of that trope, as it actually captures a great deal of the argument. (To annex is to join a new territory to an existing country.) can i please get some help with this :) Between 1857 and 1903, the United States acquired many new territorial possessions around the globe. Id like to propose a different unit of analysis, one that counts all of the land over which the United States claims sovereignty as part of the country, and as part of its history. Boston, Small, Maynard & company. When we factor the territories in, were left not with the logo mapthe familiar compact and static land mass. Historians have rightly come to understand such sovereignty challenges as important components of U.S. history rather than as foreign episodes that lie outside the purview of the United States. The first sixteen chiefs of staff, until 1948, all served in the colonies. A self-governing state cannot accept . Micronesia, United Nations Trust Territory; 1979 self-governing; 1986 The literature on U.S. empire is truly voluminous. The books in this collection are in the public domain and are free to use and reuse. The Territory of the United States, 1845-1886 A map from 1886 of the United States showing the territories ceded by Mexico and the acquisition of Alaska. assumed claims, Purchased from Spain for $5 million in assumed claims The country had claimed scattered military bases before, but in 1945, the United States possessed some 30,000 military installations on 2,000 base sites. 29 Its remarkable, in fact, how many key figures in U.S. history sojourned in the overseas territories. It would be easy to round those points down to zero, just as it has been easy to round the western territories up to states. William Appleman Williams, Empire as a Way of Life (New York, 1980). 1857. You wont find him anywhere in the Oxford History of the United States , the New Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations , or any of the major textbooksincluding those, like Howard Zinns Peoples History of the United States and James W. Loewens Lies My Teacher Told Me , explicitly designed to give voice to suppressed histories. ]d*d>&Pd,QMG{\T-8FFSI>rK}bbSh]Z")aqvTI*FI}jO~>(-lL%cd&ct2Pd{>t: 91 R5(LtT+3l1YZzDzL>X2LkR:&.iz>,!9)9s6G&f!))wGc/=-UHwkAx#qhO But moving it into the non-state column changes little. Certainly, in terms of size, current overseas holdings dont add up to muchall U.S. overseas territory today, including military bases, comprises an area smaller than Connecticut. As one of the justices summarized the logic, the Constitution was the supreme law of the land, but the territories were not part of the land. 20, The result of all thisthe erasure of the colonies from the map, the references to the Greater United States growing scarce, the Courts expulsion of the territories from the landwas the reassertion of an understanding of the United States as a nation-state. There has been an accelerating avalanche of high-profile books on U.S. overseas territory, especially the Philippines. Perpetual Foreigners: Chinese Americans and the U.S. Summary, Has The Organization Managements Played Part In Increase In Information Risk In The Modern World 1 Hi Help With Assignments 1 Overseas empire usually appears in textbooks as an episodea single chapter, set in 1898rather than as an enduring feature. The mission of the historical office is to collect, preserve, and present the history of the Office of . Map of A map of the United States showing the territorial acquisitions up to the Gadsden Purchase in northern Mexico in 1853. In that sense, the overseas colonies are the key to the Greater United States. Municipal annexation is a process by which a municipality expands its boundaries into nearby, usually adjacent, unincorporated areas. in 1999, Purchased from Denmark We razed sugar mills and factories. In the end, he concluded, there was nothing left. 35, Although the count of U.S. mainland lives lost in the Second World War is precise to the last digit, counts of the lives of colonized subjects lost are at best informed guesses. endstream But things are changing quickly. 37, To that accounting should be added the overseas military bases that the United States took during the warthe third arc in the history of the Greater United States. I am here counting Washington, D.C., among the states, even though it is a district, not a state, and lacks the full rights that states have. 42, More to the point, even as the United States was partially divesting from colonies, it was consolidating its investments in a new form of territory: military bases. On the same day that the Japanese struck Hawaii, they also attacked the Philippines, Guam, Wake Island, Midway Island, and Howland Island, plus the British territories of Malaya and Hong Kong and the independent kingdom of Thailand. Headings - United States--History - United States--Foreign relations - United States--Colonial question - United States--Territorial expansion Notes Once again, the Greater United States is coming into view. Herbert E. Bolton, The Epic of Greater America, American Historical Review 38, no. 27. "The United States have always protested against the doctrine of international law which permits the subjugation of the weak by the strong. McCormick, interview with James G. Morgan, quoted in Morgans Into New Territory: American Historians and the Concept of US Imperialism (Madison, WI, 2014), 76. The story of western expansion is, of course, well known. Dorr v. United States , 195 U.S. 138, 155 (1904) (Harlan, J. M., dissenting). stream Map of A map of the United States showing the growth of the nation from 1783 to1853. . Paul V. McNutt, address at Beta Theta Pi Fraternity, November 27, 1946; McNutt, P.V., Correspondence and Speeches, 194546 folder, box 7, Office of the High Commissioner of the Philippine Islands, Records of the Washington, DC, Office, 194246, Records of the Office of Territories, Record Group 126, National Archives and Records Administration. Donald M. Seekins, Historical Setting, in Ronald E. Dolan, Philippines: A Country Study (Washington, DC: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, 1991), 41. Diplomatic History used to be like that. National Wildlife Refuge, Joint occupation with Britain; sovereign, self-governing republic, United Nations Trust Territory; in 1986 became a CLASS Discussion Board 5: The Ballad of Gregorio Cortez Don't use plagiarized sources. 4 0 obj Baker Island Howland Island . If California was one end of the spectrum, Oklahoma was the other. 10. Bicknell, Edward. The company operated by providing a network of support infrastructure for adventuring groups, which were referred to as franchises. 1856; under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Available also Peabody, M. M. (Moody Morse) - Peabody, M. M. Wall map. Texas. For a very long time, in fact. 15. On average, places that began as territories on the continent took forty-five years to achieve statehood. Zone in Austria (2,650): John D. Hilldring, American Policy in Occupied Areas (Washington, DC: 1947), 24; U.S. The United States of America, as a name, was accurate for less than seven weeks. Gadsden Purchase. Opening to China, A State of Neutrality: State Development and Early American Neutrality, U.S. Art Museums and Exhibition Diplomacy, Cultural Intermediaries and the Sounds of Freedom, About the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, Copyright 2023 Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations. Jimmy M. Skaggs, The Great Guano Rush: Entrepreneurs and American Overseas Expansion (New York, 1994), 199. 15. The more states followed Virginias lead, the larger the non-state territory grew. Oregon Territory. The matter of the date, December 7, 1941, emblazoned into national memory by Franklin Delano Roosevelts Day of Infamy speech, is somewhat misleading on this score. Perhaps not coincidentally, this was precisely the time when the Wisconsin School developed its understanding of U.S. empire as an informal undertaking. self-governing U.S. commomwealth, United Nations Trust Territory; 1986 became a <> Gift; Howard Roscoe; 1997. As a result of the United States' multiple acquisitionsincluding Hawaii and the Philippinesduring the late 1800s, the period is referred to by some as the nation's age of U.S. _____. organized, unincorporated U.S. territory under jurisdiction of Office of The territorial acquisitions of the United States, -1904, an historical review. The highest office in the U.S. Army is chief of staff, established in 1903. 23. It was entitled Greater United States. 19. See also Christina Duffy Burnett, The Edges of Empire and the Limits of Sovereignty: American Guano Islands, American Quarterly 57 (2005): 779803 and Gregory T. Cushman, Guano and the Opening of the Pacific World: A Global Ecological History (Cambridge, 2013). 3 (1933): 44874. In cases where the territory of a future state was not all annexed at once, I count from the time year by which the majority of its land was annexed. They shot five Congressmen, nearly killing one. Also available in digital form. The question of territory was there from the start. 1. <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 720 540] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Now lets look at Entrepreneurial Leadership Geographical crumbs is what Neil Smith called them in his book American Empire . By then, it had reclaimed its Pacific colonies from Japan. Not only was the occupation itself onerous, but the reconquest of those colonies by the United States was extraordinarily violent. August R. Ohmans 1904 pocket map, highlighting the expansion of the United States, feautures a world map, top inset. It is somewhat absurd to compare that figure to the actual number of black people, given the arbitrary and variable nature of race as a social construction (particularly so within the empire). annually; ceded to Panama in 1999, Purchased from Denmark for $25 million; currently an There is another aspect of the Second World War that deserves mention. 14. California filled with whites and transitioned from military rule to statehood in two years. 529,189. With that, the United States was no longer a union of states alone but an amalgam of states and territories , which it has been ever since. Supporters of expansion denied that the United States sought to annex foreign lands. Fish and Wildlife Service, Unincorporated territory annexed under Guano Act of The contraction of the basing network is chronicled in Blaker, United States Overseas Basing , chap. endobj Yet, the U.S. census often administered different questionnaires to the colonies than to the mainland, questionnaires with incommensurable racial categories. 26. Why were so many new possessions located in the Pacific Ocean? turkey stuffed with rice and meat; boil water advisory near me 2021 Can we say the same about the overseas territories? Prime meridians: Washington, D.C. and London. The comparison is enlightening. Caveat: 1945, occurring between decennial census enumerations in the U.S. mainland and at the end of a destabilizing war everywhere else, was not the best year for accurate population counts. 12. organized, unincorporated U.S. territory, Annexed 1922; later airline refueling; currently sovereign, self-governing republic, United Nations Trust Territory; in 1994 became a only own words please, Creating A Proforma Statement 3 0 obj Many of the most important books have been edited collections: Amy Kaplan and Donald Pease, eds., Cultures of United States Imperialism (Durham, NC, 1993); Frances Negrn-Muntaner and Ramn Grosfoguel, eds., Puerto Rico Jam: Rethinking Colonialism and Nationalism (Minneapolis, MN, 1997); Julian Go and Anne L. Foster, eds., The American Colonial State in the Philippines: Global Perspectives (Durham, NC, 2003); Catherine Lutz, ed., The Bases of Empire: The Global Struggle against U.S. Military Posts (New York, 2009); Alfred W. McCoy and Francisco A. Scarano, eds., Colonial Crucible: Empire in the Making of the Modern American State (Madison, WI, 2009); and Alyosha Goldstein, ed., Formations of United States Colonialism (Durham, NC, 2014). 2. Includes notes and statistics table including population and distances. But they are not the whole of it. It had also laid claim to nearly all of Micronesia. We have been so long used to regard the United States as an extent of country reaching from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, and bounded on the north by the British possessions and on the south by the Mexican Republic, remarked the Attorney General, that it requires almost a wrench to take us out of our old habits of thought and accustom us to the fact that our domain on the north reaches to within the Arctic Circle; that we have the Sandwich Islands [Hawaii]; that we have the vast Philippine Archipelago. 14, Cartographers, eager to showcase the new dimensions of the country, rushed to publish new maps. 3 Albizu founded Puerto Ricos Army of Liberation in the 1930s. United States Acquisitions and Annexations 1857-1904 Other Gains in the Pacific The United States government intervened in other parts of the Pacific at the same time that events played out in the Spanish-American War. Discovery Channel Program Exercise in Support and Credibility, Minimum 500 Word Article Review Article Is Provided The United States continued to hold colonies after World War II, hence the Puerto Rican Uprising of 1950 and House shooting of 1954. It is tempting to think that the overseas territories can be safely dismissed in this way because they were small and remote. Neil Smith, American Empire: Roosevelts Geographer and the Prelude to Globalization (Berkeley, CA, 2003), 16. But what isnt important to the argument is the formal empire. Annexation of independent republic. In the Philippines, the United States abandoned its initial strategy of engaging Japanese forces on the ground for one of bombing and shelling suspected Japanese targets from afar. See also Stacie L. Pettyjohn, U. S. Global Defense Posture, 17832001 (Santa Monica, CA, 2012). stream 20. Purchased from Mexico for $10 million. In 1857, the United States began annexing guano islandsuninhabited islands possessing valuable fertilizer. Between 1857 and 1903, the United States acquired many new territorial possessions around the globe. Our narratives register not only the black experience but, moreover, the ways in which the changing position of African Americans drove key episodes in national history. Fish and Wildlife Service, Purchased from Russia for $7.2 million; Statehood 29, September 1, 1949, 3; American Samoa (16): American Samoa Statistical Digest (Pago Pago: 1994), 17; Guam and Micronesia (35 together): Hal Friedman, Creating an American Lake: United States Imperialism and Strategic Security in the Pacific Basin, 194547 (Westport, CT, 2001), 122; U.S. 46, The War on Terror has drawn our attention to how crucial small overseas sites can be to the projection of power. You notice that Pearl Harbor was not just an isolated attack on one patch of U.S. soil but a blitzkrieg directed at U.S. and British colonial holdings in the Pacific. following military victory; $15 million plus 3.25 million in assumed claims, Unincorporated territory claimed under Guano Act of 1856, Unincorporated territory annexed under Guano Act of 1856; That is because they dramatically expose the gap between the logo map conception of the United States and the larger conception for which I am arguing. Yet annexation did take place. 39. At lower right: Atlantic Souvenir for 1829. The organization consisted of several groups of adventurers for hire that acted more or less independently under the company's charter. The 18981899 annexations showed U.S. thinkers their country from a new perspective. Mexican Cession. But it is still a significant figure. On Indian Territory, alternatively known as Indian Country: Roy Gittinger, The Formation of the State of Oklahoma, 18031906 (Norman, OK, 1939); Francis Paul Prucha, The Great Father: The United States and the American Indians , 2 vols. 47. Has the organization manage. Indeed, a remarkable feature of the intellectual moment of 1898 was its revision of the history of continental expansion, by which western territories came to be seen as quasi-colonies. uninhabited; National Wildlife Refuge, United Nations Trust Territory; in 1986 became a On U.S. military calculations in the reconquest of the Philippines, see Richard Connaughton, John Pimlott, and Duncan Anderson, The Battle for Manila (London, 1995). Still, empire continues to guide our inquiries. (New York, 2006), 179. Adding Texas and Vermont to the pool yields an average time-to-statehood of 42 years. Please see attached document for assignments needed. <>>> Imperial maps are discussed in Susan Schulten, The Geographical Imagination in America, 18801950 (Chicago, IL, 2001), 3844, 17680. At upper left margin: No. 5. o :E>vYs~;+&`]J(g(Ql)u Y!+wZ41Y@5 V5Q Z J&j8jkuJ?uFbccuc(d01 Ey?G78%@E^5p;MlCjRM1 a#j@#(#$5|IW:;&,-~P0m. One might think its because U.S. historians are exceptionalists and dont pay attention to empire. In the span of only a few years, the United States had increased its size exponentially with the contentious annexation of Texas in 1845, the 1846 Oregon Treaty with Great Britain for half of the Oregon Country; and acquired California, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Wyoming as a result of the Mexican-American War It has to do also with something deeper: our conception of the United States. But California was the extreme. A different but compatible accounting is offered in David Vine, Base Nation: How U.S. Military Bases Abroad Harm America and the World (New York, 2015). Nevertheless, it is worth pointing out that a full census of all the people who lived under U.S. jurisdiction at the wars endresidents of the states, colonies, and occupied zonesreveals the astonishing fact that the majority (51%) lived outside of the continental United States. Despite a great deal of research that has been donewithin American Studies departments, within history departmentscolonized people and overseas territories still rarely feature in broad narratives about the United States. Albert Bushnell Hart and Herbert E. Bolton, Hart-Bolton History Maps (Chicago, IL, 1917), map A24. This can be most clearly seen in the realm of the law. Shattuc, W. B. ), 32 Sherman's march to the sea LC Civil War maps (2nd R. O. Evans and Company - Robertson, H. C. National expansion under the Constitution; or, Despotic power versus delegated authority. Under whatever name, the conception of a Greater United States had largely vanished by the U.S. entry into the First World War. This purchase ended Russia's presence in North America and ensured U.S. access to the Pacific northern rim. In 1857, the United States began annexing guano islandsuninhabited islands possessing valuable fertilizer. See, for example, James C. Fernald, The Imperial Republic (New York, 1899); Alpheus H. Snow, The Administration of Dependencies: A Study of the Evolution of the Federal Empire, with Special Reference to American Colonial Problems (New York, 1902); and Willis Fletcher Johnson, A Century of Expansion (New York, 1903). In popular memory, it remains the good war, a war focused mainly on the goal of stopping Hitlers crusade through Europe. [Pdf] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/04014391/. A key enabling move made by Williams and the Wisconsin School that continued his ideas was to refuse to limit discussion of empire to a discussion of colonies. It is an extraordinary fact about the United States that its western territories became states, parts of the union on an equal footing with older states. In the past fifty years, the Journal of American History has published one non-review article about the Philippines. The revolt touched eight cities. U.S. historians have displayed a tremendous interest in the subject of empire for a long time. William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (Cleveland, OH, 1959). United States--Colonial question, - 22. Anthony Rawlings (New York, 1971); Benjamn Torres, Marisa Rosado and Jos Manuel Torres Santiago, eds., Imagen de Pedro Albizu Campos (San Juan, 1973); Rosado, Pedro Albizu Campos ; Laura Meneses de Albizu Campos, Albizu Campos y la Independencia de Puerto Rico (San Juan, 2007); and Nelson A. Denis, War against All Puerto Ricans: Revolution and Terror in Americas Colony (New York, 2015). Passage to statehood did come quickly in some cases, such as gold-rush California. This was an intellectually transformative event. jurisdiction of Office of Insular Affairs of the Department of the $15 million plus 3.25 million in assumed claims, Unincorporated territory claimed under Guano Act of Value of merger and acquisition deals in the United States from 2006 to 3rd quarter 2022 (in billion U.S. dollars) Premium Statistic Number of M&A deals in the U.S. 2000-2021 6. On points in the postWorld War II landscape, I have been greatly influenced by William Rankin, After the Map: Cartography, Navigation, and the Transformation of Territory in the Twentieth Century (Chicago, IL, 2016). Boston, Small, Maynard & company, 1904. The Historical Office of the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) dates to 1949. Bicknell, E. (1904) The territorial acquisitions of the United States, -1904, an historical review. 44, The United States has shifted away from the large land annexations of the nineteenth century to an empire consisting largely of islands and overseas bases: a pointillist empire. Treaty of Paris Nationalism waxed, imperialism waned. I counted all non-review articles containing the words Philippine, Philippines, Filipino, or Filipinos in their titles. 5 0 obj following military victory; independent in 1946, Annexed following military victory over Spain, Annexed in settlement with Britain Even as presidents disavowed territorial conquest, they dropped bombs, seized markets, meddled in foreign politics, and Coca-colonized the world. Bouda Etemad, Possessing the World: Taking the Measurements of Colonisation from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Century , trans. Because my calculation does not include states that were never territories, it excludes (1) the original thirteen states, (2) states that were carved out of existing states (KY, ME, WV), and (3) independent republics that were admitted as states (TX, VT). This box map, from the inside cover of the 1910 edition of Allen C. Thomas's textbook, An Elementary History of the United States (first published 1900), shows the Philippines, Alaska, Hawai'i, Guam, Wake Island, American Samoa, and Puerto Rico. The first arc in the history of the Greater United States, concerning western territories, is obviously central to any telling of U.S. history, and has been since at least Frederick Jackson Turners frontier thesis. Reasoning with a racist logicthe initial cases were decided by the same court that decided Plessy v. Ferguson it concluded that the bulk of the territories were unincorporated into the political body of the United States. The country claimed 94 such islands, nearly all in the Caribbean and Pacific, by 1903. One might rightly ask whether, in accepting the category of the Greater United States, historians would be implicitly endorsing or naturalizing the United States empire. Acquisition may refer to: . But, overall, the overseas territories today contain over four million people. It was, in the Pacific, a war over colonies. 11 Nearly thirteen percent of its populace lived in its overseas colonies. After Albizu went to prison, his supporters held a march in Ponce, Puerto Rico, and were gunned down by the police. We can see, better than we could before, how the territorial extensions of the United States matter today, and how they have mattered in the past. 3. for $5 million in assumed claims under Adams-Ons Treaty, Purchase from Mexico I have emphasized the United States overseas colonies, places like Puerto Rico and the Philippines. 5 In my home city of Chicago, there is a public high school named after him (with an adjoining family learning center for teen parents named after Lolita Lebrn, the chief shooter in the 1954 House shootings). What we rarely acknowledge is how much territory the U.S. also held by the wars end. And for the U.S. nationals who inhabited those colonies, it was a traumatic affair. of the United States, Geography 20 This has been a common response of cities to urbanization in neighboring areas. For too long, historians, like cartographers, have accepted the logic of the Insular Cases . Like United Kingdom, it applies merely to the central and dominating body, the seat of empire; and Greater America comprises almost as wide a range of governments as Greater Britain itself. 17. United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 1857-1904. endobj 22. Its not only the Philippines. The Greater United States (1904), . United states acquisitions and annexations 1857-1904; Was the united states on the axis powers or allied powers? Albizus long career defies easy summary. - David Rumsey Map Collection. In World War I, inspired by Wilsonian rhetoric of self-determination, Albizu served as a First Lieutenant in the U.S. Army. Fish and Wildlife Service, Purchased from Spain for $20 millon following These were, it is important to state, not novelty maps. 34 Manila, the sixth-largest city in the United States (substantially larger than Boston or Washington, D.C.), was decimated. Get Your Custom Essay on, United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 1857-1904 United States positions (with date of acquiunion) 1047 Spheres of Influence Albizu presents something of a puzzle. in 1979, United Nations Trust Territory; self-governing as Northern independent as Kiribati In 1898, the rush of imperial expansion encouraged a new understanding of the United States as the Greater United States. The Hart-Bolton map, published in 1917, was one of the last such maps to appear. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. This is a United States territorial acquisitions and conquests list, . for $10 million, plus $250,000 annually; ceded to Panama Why has this figure, who seems so immediately fascinating, not part of mainstream U.S. historiography? Oregon Territory. 1845. But I do not think that is reason for U.S. historians to exclude the territories from their analyses and stick to the mainland. If that is anywhere close to correct, that makes World War II in the Philippines the most violent event ever to take place on U.S. soil, bloodier by far than the Civil War.